汉英对照:
Chinese-English Translation:
系统管理员行业对网络管理员的要求基本就是大而全，不需要精通，但什么都得懂一些。总结下来，一个合格的系统管理员最好在网络操作系统、网络数据库、网络设备、网络管理、网络安全、应用开发等六个方面具备扎实的理论知识和应用技能。
The requirement of system administrator industry to network administrator is big and complete, do not need to be proficient, but have to understand some of everything. In conclusion, a qualified system administrator should have solid theoretical knowledge and application skills in six aspects of network operating system, network database, network equipment, network management, network security and application development.
系统管理员行业对网络管理员的要求基本就是大而全，不需要精通，但什么都得懂一些。所以，总结下来，一个合格的系统管理员最好在网络操作系统、网络数据库、网络设备、网络管理、网络安全、应用开发等六个方面具备扎实的理论知识和应用技能，才能在工作中做到得心应手，游刃有余。国家职业资格对网管员的定义是从事计算机网络运行、维护的人员。
The requirement of system administrator industry to network administrator is big and complete, do not need to be proficient, but have to understand some of everything. Therefore, to sum up, a qualified system administrator is best to have solid theoretical knowledge and application skills in the six aspects of network operating system, network database, network equipment, network management, network security, application development, etc., so as to be proficient in the work. The definition of network manager by national professional qualification is the personnel engaged in computer network operation and maintenance.
基本介绍
Basic introduction
系统管理员
system administrator
系统管理员相关图书
System administrator related books
主要职责
Main responsibilities
基础设施管理
Infrastructure management
（1）确保网络通信传输畅通
(1) Ensure smooth transmission of network communication
（2）掌握主干设备的配置情况及配置参数变更情况，备份各个设备的配置文件
(2) Master the configuration of backbone equipment and configuration parameter changes, and backup the configuration files of each device
系统管理员相关图书
System administrator related books
（4）负责网络布线配线架的管理，确保配线的合理有序
(4) Responsible for the management of network wiring distribution frame to ensure the reasonable and orderly distribution
（5）掌握用户端设备接入网络的情况，以便发现问题时可迅速定位
(5) Master the access of the user equipment to the network, so that the problem can be quickly located
（6）采取技术措施，对网络内经常出现的用户需要变更位置和部门的情况进行管理
(6) Take technical measures to manage the situation that users often need to change their locations and departments in the network
（7）掌握与外部网络的连接配置，监督网络通信状况，发现问题后与有关机构及时联系
(7) Master the connection configuration with the external network, supervise the network communication status, and timely contact the relevant institutions after finding problems
（8）实时监控整个局域网的运转和网络通信流量情况
(8) Real time monitoring of the whole LAN operation and network traffic
（9）制定、发布网络基础设施使用管理办法并监督执行情况
(9) Formulate and release the management measures for the use of network infrastructure and supervise the implementation
操作系统管理
Operating system management
（1）在网络操作系统配置完成并投入正常运行后，为了确保网络操作系统工作正常，网络管理员首先应该能够熟练的利用系统提供的各种管理工具软件，实时监督系统的运转情况，及时发现故障征兆并进行处理。
(1) After the network operating system is configured and put into normal operation, in order to ensure the normal operation of the network operating system, the network administrator should first be able to skillfully use the various management tools and software provided by the system to supervise the operation of the system in real time, find out the fault symptoms and deal with them in time.
（2）在网络运行过程中，网络管理员应随时掌握网络系统配置情况及配置参数变更情况，对配置参数进行备份。网络管理员还应该做到随着系统环境的变化、业务发展需要和用户需求，动态调整系统配置参数，优化系统性能。
(2) In the process of network operation, the network administrator should master the network system configuration and configuration parameter changes at any time, and backup the configuration parameters. Network administrators should also adjust system configuration parameters dynamically and optimize system performance with the change of system environment, business development needs and user requirements.
（3）网络管理员应为关键的网络操作系统服务器建立热备份系统，做好防灾准备。
(3) The network administrator should establish a hot backup system for the key network operating system server to prepare for disaster prevention.
应用系统管理
Application system management
系统管理员相关图书
System administrator related books
（3） 对于用户访问频率高、系统负荷的网络应用服务，必要时网络管理员还应该采取分担的技术措施。
(3) For the network application services with high user access frequency and system load, network administrators should also take technical measures to share when necessary.
用户服务与管理
User service and management
（1） 用户的开户与撤销；
(1) Account opening and cancellation of users;
（2） 用户组的设置与管理；
(2) Setting and management of user groups;
（3） 用户可用服务与资源的的权限管理和配额管理；
(3) Authority management and quota management of available services and resources for users;
（4） 用户计费管理；
(4) User billing management;
（5） 包括用户桌面联网计算机的技术支持服务和用户技术培训服务的用户端支持服务。
(5) It includes the technical support service of the user’s desktop networking computer and the client support service of the user’s technical training service.
安全保密管理
Security management
（1） 安全与保密是一个问题的两个方面，安全主要指防止外部对网络的攻击和入侵，保密主要指防止网络内部信息的泄漏。
(1) Security and confidentiality are two aspects of a problem. Security mainly refers to preventing external attacks and intrusions on the network, while confidentiality mainly refers to preventing the leakage of internal information in the network.
系统管理员相关图书
System administrator related books
（3） 对于安全保密级别要求高的网络，网络管理员除了应该采取上述措施外，还应该配备网络安全漏洞扫描系统，并对关键的网络服务器采取容灾的技术手段。
(3) For the network with high security requirements, network administrators should not only take the above measures, but also be equipped with network security vulnerability scanning system, and take disaster recovery technology for key network servers.
（4） 更严格的涉密计算机网络，还要求在物理上与外部公共计算机网络绝对隔离，对安置涉密网络计算机和网络主干设备的房间要采取安全措施，管理和控制人员的进出，对涉密网络用户的工作情况要进行全面的管理和监控。
(4) The more strict classified computer network also requires absolute isolation from the external public computer network physically. Security measures should be taken for the rooms where the classified network computers and network backbone equipment are installed, the access of management and control personnel, and the comprehensive management and monitoring of the work conditions of the users of the classified network.
信息存储备份管理
Information storage backup management
（1） 采取一切可能的技术手段和管理措施，保护网络中的信息安全。
(1) Take all possible technical means and management measures to protect the information security in the network.
（2） 对于实时工作级别要求不高的系统和数据，最低限度网络管理员也应该进行定期手工操作备份。
(2) For the system and data with low requirement of real-time work level, the network administrator should also make regular manual operation backup.
（3） 对于关键业务服务系统和实时性要求高的数据和信息，网络管理员应该建立存储备份系统，进行集中式的备份管理。
(3) For the key business service system and data and information with high real-time requirements, network administrators should establish a storage backup system for centralized backup management.
（4） 最后将备份数据随时保存在安全地点更是非常重要。
(4) Finally, it is very important to keep the backup data in a safe place at any time.
机房管理
Computer room management
系统管理员相关图书
System administrator related books
（2） 掌管机房设备供电线路安排，在增减设备时注意负载的合理配置；
(2) In charge of the power supply line arrangement of the equipment room, and pay attention to the reasonable configuration of the load when increasing or decreasing the equipment;
（3） 管理网络机房的温度、湿度和通风状况，提供适合的工作环境；
(3) Manage the temperature, humidity and ventilation of the network room, and provide suitable working environment;
（4） 确保网络机房内各种设备的正常运转；
(4) Ensure the normal operation of various equipment in the network room;
（5） 确保网络机房符合防火安全要求，火警监测系统工作正常，灭火措施有效；
(5) Ensure that the network room meets the fire safety requirements, the fire monitoring system works normally and the fire fighting measures are effective;
（6） 采取措施，在外部供电意外中断和恢复时，实现在无人值守情况下保证网络设备安全运行；
(6) Measures should be taken to ensure the safe operation of network equipment under unattended condition when the external power supply is interrupted and restored unexpectedly;
（7） 保持机房整洁有序，按时记录网络机房运行日志，制定网络机房管理制度并监督执行。
(7) Keep the computer room clean and orderly, record the operation log of the network room on time, formulate the management system of the network room and supervise the implementation.
其它管理
Other management
（1） 配合其它部门进行部门局域网络的建设，提出规划、标准。
(1) Cooperate with other departments in the construction of local area network, and put forward planning and standards.
（2） 配合保卫部门，对网络不良行为进行取证。
(2) Cooperate with the security department to collect evidence for network bad behavior.
（3） 做到网络中心服务反馈工作，及时通报网络运行信息。
(3) To achieve the network center service feedback work, timely report network operation information.
基本要点
Basic points
负责流程与制度的完善
Responsible for the improvement of process and system
系统管理员相关图书
System administrator related books
（2）在实践中及时反馈发现的问题并协助解决，并根据实践为流程与制度的完善提供意见；
(2) Feedback the problems found in practice and help to solve them, and provide suggestions for the improvement of process and system according to practice;
负责系统的优化
Responsible for system optimization
根据对网络和系统在性能容量、可靠性、安全性等方面的分析，为系统优化提供建议，并执行系统的优化工作，提高网络与系统的效率；
According to the analysis of network and system performance, capacity, reliability, security and other aspects, it provides suggestions for system optimization, and carries out system optimization work to improve the efficiency of network and system;
负责系统的日常维护
Responsible for the daily maintenance of the system
（1）维护公司网络系统、电话系统的安全，保障网络可靠的运行；
(1) Maintain the safety of the company’s network system and telephone system, and ensure the reliable operation of the network;
（2）协助上级维护公司数据库，保证公司各服务器设备的正常运行；
(2) Assist the superior to maintain the company’s database, ensure the normal operation of the company’s server equipment;
（3）维护保养计算机、网络硬件设备、系统软件、应用软件等相关 IT 设施；
(3) Maintain computer, network hardware equipment, system software, application software and other related IT facilities;
（4）诊断并排除设备及软件故障；
(4) Diagnosis and troubleshooting of equipment and software;
负责文档管理
Responsible for document management
编制、整理系统文档，记录 IT 设备及其使用状况，实现系统文档管理的规范化；
Compile and sort out system documents, record it equipment and its usage, and realize the standardization of system document management;
技能培训
Skill training
系统管理员相关图书
System administrator related books
（2）协助上级编制计算机基础知识、常用软件和其它管理软件的使用教材，协助上级开展培训，为最终用户提供 IT 技术支持。
(2) Assist the superior to prepare the teaching materials of computer basic knowledge, common software and other management software, assist the superior to carry out training, and provide IT technical support for end users.
职业定位
Career orientation
首先，计算机网络管理员是一个“先存在而后有定义”的职业
First of all, computer network administrator is a “exist first, then define” profession
系统管理员相关图书
System administrator related books
其次，网管员要建立终身学习的理念
Secondly, network managers should establish the concept of lifelong learning
终身学习是对传统教育的观念、体系、结构、组织的终结者。其价值理念源自当代社会知识爆炸和信息急剧增长的现状，已成为现代一种新的生活方式。传统知识教育中并没有针对网管员职业设置的专业，另外，注重理论的讲授无法满足强调动手能力的工作要求。从业人员只能通过在工作中不断地学习和探索来满足岗位的需求；而另一方面，IT 技术无疑是这个时代发展最为迅猛的技术之一，其普及与应用的速度也是无与伦比。这就要求“网管员”必须建立终身学习的理念，通过参加培训、自学、交流等种种渠道学习和掌握最新、最实用的技术，构建和完善自身的技术体系。
Lifelong learning is the terminator of the concept, system, structure and organization of traditional education. Its value idea originates from the current situation of knowledge explosion and rapid growth of information in contemporary society, and has become a new way of life in modern times. Traditional knowledge education does not aim at the professional settings of network managers. In addition, the emphasis on theoretical teaching can not meet the requirements of emphasizing practical ability. Employees can only meet the needs of their posts through continuous learning and exploration in their work; on the other hand, it technology is undoubtedly one of the most rapid development technologies in this era, and its popularization and application speed is incomparable. This requires “network managers” to establish the concept of lifelong learning, through training, self-study, communication and other channels to learn and master the latest and most practical technology, to build and improve their own technical system.
最后，什么是合格的计算机网络管理员？一个计算机网络管理员需要掌握哪些技能呢？
Finally, what is a qualified computer network administrator? What skills does a computer network administrator need to master?
系统管理员相关图书
System administrator related books
总之，对网管员的要求基本就是大而全，不需要精通，但什么都得懂一些。所以，总结下来，一个合格的网络管理员最好在网络操作系统、网络数据库、网络设备、网络管理、网络安全、应用开发等六个方面具备扎实的理论知识和应用技能，才能在工作中做到得心应手，游刃有余。
In short, the requirements for network managers are basically large and comprehensive. They do not need to be proficient, but they need to understand everything. Therefore, to sum up, a qualified network administrator is best to have solid theoretical knowledge and application skills in the six aspects of network operating system, network database, network equipment, network management, network security and application development, so as to be proficient in work.
必备技能
Essential skills
用户管理
user management
无论是 UNIX 还是 NT，对于用户的管理都是居于第一位的，作为一个新手，首先必须立刻掌握对用户的增加和删除以及限制等操作。这包括两个方面：
Whether it is UNIX or NT, the management of users is in the first place. As a novice, you must immediately master the operation of adding, deleting and restricting users. This includes two aspects
系统管理员相关图书
System administrator related books
二是学会字符命令行下的用户管理，主要在 UNIX 或 Linux 环境下，包括用编辑工具 Vi、emacs 等对/etc/passwd 进行操作或直接使用 addusr、deleusr 等用户管理命令以及使用 pwconv 命令使/etc/passwd 与 shadow 文件保持一致，使用 SCO 的/etc/rmuser 命令删除用户，用 newgrp 命令将用户添加到新组，另外包括用户目录的建立命令 mkdir，赋于用户属性和组属性命令 chown 和 chgrp,以及用户区域限制命令 quota 限制用户区域大小，用来避免用户区域占用硬盘
The other is to learn the user management under character command line, mainly in UNIX or Linux environment, including operating / etc / passwd with editing tools VI, Emacs, etc., or directly using addusr, deleusr and other user management commands, using pwconv command to keep / etc / passwd consistent with shadow file, using SCO / etc / rmuser command to delete users, and using newgrp to delete users The command adds users to the new group. In addition, MKDIR, chown and chgrp are used to create user directory, chown and chgrp are assigned to user attributes and group attributes, and quota is used to limit the size of user area to avoid user area occupying hard disk
空间过大，而使系统崩溃。其中，特别提醒一点，如果想对用户权限进行严格限制时，用户的注册 shell 可使用/usr/lib/rsh。用户的.profile 和.login 文件可使用系统标准的配置文件，或者也可在.profile 中进行相应设置，用 SU 命令或 SU Username 进入用户环境以进行具体检测。另外，对用户的消息发布系统，在 NT 中是使用 Alert 功能发出，对远程主机则使用 Server Manager 中的 computer|send message 功能。在 Novell 中采用 send 命令。在 UNIX 中是使用 wall 或 write 指令，也可使用每日消息文件/etc/motd 或 news 命令发出/usr/new 文件内容。
Too much space and the system crashes. In particular, if you want to impose strict restrictions on user permissions, the user’s registered shell can use / usr / lib / RSH. The. Profile and. Login files of the user can use the system standard configuration file, or you can set the corresponding settings in the. Profile, and use the Su command or Su username to enter the user environment for specific detection. In addition, for the user’s message publishing system, the alert function is used in NT, and the computer | send message function in server manager is used for remote host. Use the send command in Novell. In UNIX, you can use the wall or write command, or use the daily message file / etc / MOTD or news command to issue the content of the / usr / new file.
安全及日志管理
Security and log management
系统管理员相关图书
System administrator related books
系统进程管理
System process management
系统管理员相关图书
System administrator related books
备份管理
Backup management
系统管理员相关图书
System administrator related books
文件系统与开关机管理
File system and on / off management
在所有的多用户系统中，由于广泛采用文件缓冲，使对文件的修改在内存进行之后再写入磁盘，内核程序定时刷新这些缓冲区，以保持文件与缓冲区间同步。因而，不终止系统就关机，往往会造成同步的破坏，而出现文件系统的错误。在 NT 中，使用启动菜单中的关闭系统选项来关闭系统；UNIX 则采用 shutdown、halt(haltsys)、reboot 等命令。一般推荐使用 shutdown 加参数来关机或进入单用户备份状态，直到完成关机程序后，才能关闭电源，无论如何，这是必须牢记的。
In all multi-user systems, because of the extensive use of file buffer, the modification of files is written to the disk after memory modification. The kernel program refreshes these buffers regularly to keep the files and buffer intervals synchronized. Therefore, if the system is shut down without terminating, the synchronization will be destroyed and the file system error will appear. In NT, shut down the system by using the shut down option in the boot menu; in UNIX, shut down, halt (haltsys), reboot and other commands are used. It is generally recommended to use shutdown plus parameters to shut down or enter the single user backup state. The power can not be turned off until the shutdown procedure is completed. In any case, this must be kept in mind.
另外，在维护文件系统时，应经常运行超级块一致命令 sync，文件系统检查及错误修改命令 fsck，新建一个文件系统时使用 mkfs 命令，系统 V 的 fsstat 将报告文件系统的状态，以及设备管理命令 mount、umount。 NOVELL 中采用 FILER 菜单管理文件服务器的文件系统。
In addition, when maintaining the file system, we should often run the super block consistent command sync, the file system check and error modification command fsck, and use the mkfs command when creating a new file system. The fsstat of System V will report the status of the file system, as well as the device management commands mount and umount. Novell adopts filer menu to manage file system of file server.
网络管理
Network management
网络管理，包括对 E-mail、DNS 以及 WWW 的调试。对于 E-mail 而言，是使用 sendmail －bt －C filename 进行，或先 mail user，
Network management, including debugging of e-mail, DNS and www. For e-mail, it is to use sendmail-bt-c file name, or mail user first,
