汉英对照:
Chinese-English Translation:
纳米技术（nanotechnology）是用单个原子、分子制造物质的科学技术，研究结构尺寸在1至100纳米范围内材料的性质和应用。
Nanotechnology is a kind of science and technology that uses single atom and molecule to make materials. It studies the properties and applications of materials with structure sizes ranging from 1 to 100 nanometers.
纳米技术（nanotechnology）是用单个原子、分子制造物质的科学技术，研究结构尺寸在 1 至 100 纳米范围内材料的性质和应用。
Nanotechnology is a kind of science and technology that uses single atom and molecule to make materials. It studies the properties and applications of materials with structure sizes ranging from 1 to 100 nanometers.
纳米科学技术是以许多现代先进科学技术为基础的科学技术，它是动态科学（动态力学）和现代科学（混沌物理、智能量子、量子力学、介观物理、分子生物学）和现代技术（计算机技术、微电子和扫描隧道显微镜技术、核分析技术）结合的产物，纳米科学技术又将引发一系列新的科学技术，例如：纳米物理学、纳米生物学、纳米化学、纳米电子学、纳米加工技术和纳米计量学等。
Nano science and technology is a science and technology based on many modern advanced science and technology. It is the combination of dynamic science (dynamic mechanics) and modern science (chaotic physics, intelligent quantum, quantum mechanics, mesoscopic physics, Molecular Biology) and modern technology (computer technology, microelectronic and scanning tunneling microscope technology, nuclear analysis Technology) It will lead to a series of new science and technology, such as nano physics, nano biology, nano chemistry, Nano Electronics, nano processing technology and nano metrology.
理论含义
Theoretical meaning
纳米技术(nanotechnology），也称毫微技术，是研究结构尺寸在 1 纳米至 100 纳米范围内材料的性质和应用的一种技术。1981 年扫描隧道显微镜发明后，诞生了一门以 1 到 100 纳米长度为研究分子世界，它的最终目标是直接以原子或分子来构造具有特定功能的产品。因此，纳米技术其实就是一种用单个原子、分子制造物质的技术。
Nanotechnology, also known as nanotechnology, is a kind of technology to study the properties and applications of materials with structure sizes ranging from 1 nm to 100 nm. After the invention of scanning tunneling microscope (STM) in 1981, a molecular world with the length of 1-100 nanometers was born. Its ultimate goal is to construct products with specific functions directly from atoms or molecules. Therefore, nanotechnology is actually a kind of technology that uses single atoms and molecules to make materials.
从迄今为止的研究来看，关于纳米技术分为三种概念：
According to the research so far, there are three concepts about nanotechnology
第一种，是 1986 年美国科学家德雷克斯勒博士在《创造的机器》一书中提出的分子纳米技术。根据这一概念，可以使组合分子的机器实用化，从而可以任意组合所有种类的分子，可以制造出任何种类的分子结构。这种概念的纳米技术还未取得重大进展。
The first is molecular nanotechnology proposed by Dr. Drexler, an American scientist in 1986, in his book the machine of creation. According to this concept, the machine of combinatorial molecules can be applied, so that all kinds of molecules can be combined arbitrarily, and any kind of molecular structure can be produced. Nanotechnology for this concept has not made significant progress.
第二种概念把纳米技术定位为微加工技术的极限。也就是通过纳米精度的”加工”来人工形成纳米大小的结构的技术。这种纳米级的加工技术，也使半导体微型化即将达到极限。现有技术即使发展下去，从理论上讲终将会达到限度，这是因为，如果把电路的线幅逐渐变小，将使构成电路的绝缘膜变得极薄，这样将破坏绝缘效果。此外，还有发热和晃动等问题。为了解决这些问题，研究人员正在研究新型的纳米技术。
The second concept defines nanotechnology as the limit of micromachining technology. That is to say, the technology of artificially forming nanoscale structures through nano precision “processing”. This nano scale processing technology also makes the semiconductor miniaturization is about to reach the limit. Even with the development of the existing technology, theoretically speaking, it will reach the limit. This is because if the wire amplitude of the circuit is gradually reduced, the insulation film of the circuit will become extremely thin, which will damage the insulation effect. In addition, there are problems such as heating and shaking. To solve these problems, researchers are working on new nanotechnology.
第三种概念是从生物的角度出发而提出的。本来，生物在细胞和生物膜内就存在纳米级的结构。DNA 分子计算机、细胞生物计算机的开发，成为纳米生物技术的重要内容。
The third concept is proposed from the biological point of view. Originally, organisms have nanoscale structures in cells and biofilms. The development of DNA molecular computer and cell biological computer has become an important content of nano biotechnology.
利用纳米技术将氙原子排成 IBM
Alignment of xenon atoms into IBM by nanotechnology
主要内容
primary coverage
纳米技术是一门交叉性很强的综合学科，研究的内容涉及现代科技的广阔领域。纳米科学与技术主要包括：
Nanotechnology is an interdisciplinary comprehensive subject, and its research content involves a wide range of modern science and technology. Nano science and technology mainly include:
纳米体系物理学、纳米化学、纳米材料学、纳米生物学、纳米电子学、纳米加工学、纳米力学等 。这七个相对独立又相互渗透的学科和纳米材料、纳米器件、纳米尺度的检测与表征这三个研究领域。纳米材料的制备和研究是整个纳米科技的基础。其中，纳米物理学和纳米化学是纳米技术的理论基础，而纳米电子学是纳米技术最重要的内容。
Nano system physics, nano chemistry, nano materials science, nano biology, Nano Electronics, nano processing, Nano Mechanics, etc. These seven relatively independent and interpenetrating disciplines and nano materials, nano devices, nano scale detection and characterization of these three research areas. The preparation and research of nano materials is the foundation of the whole nanotechnology. Among them, nano physics and nano chemistry are the theoretical basis of nanotechnology, and nanoelectronics is the most important content of nanotechnology.
纳米纤维
Nanofibers
纳米技术包含下列四个主要方面：
Nanotechnology includes the following four main aspects:
1、纳米材料：当物质到纳米尺度以后，大约是在 0.1—100 纳米这个范围空间，物质的性能就会发生突变，出现特殊性能。 这种既具不同于原来组成的原子、分子，也不同于宏观的物质的特殊性能构成的材料，即为纳米材料。
1. Nano materials: when the material reaches the nano scale, it is about 0.1-100 nm in this space, the properties of materials will change suddenly, and special properties will appear. This kind of material with special properties, which is different from the original atoms and molecules, but also different from the macro materials, is called nano materials.
如果仅仅是尺度达到纳米，而没有特殊性能的材料，也不能叫纳米材料。
If only the size of nano materials, and no special properties of materials, can not be called nano materials.
过去，人们只注意原子、分子或者宇宙空间，常常忽略这个中间领域，而这个领域实际上大量存在于自然界，只是以前没有认识到这个尺度范围的性能。第一个真正认识到它的性能并引用纳米概念的是日本科学家，他们在 20 世纪 70 年代用蒸发法制备超微离子，并通过研究它的性能发现：一个导电、导热的铜、银导体做成纳米尺度以后，它就失去原来的性质，表现出既不导电、也不导热。磁性材料也是如此，像铁钴合金，把它做成大约 20—30 纳米大小，磁畴就变成单磁畴，它的磁性要比原来高 1000 倍。80 年代中期，人们就正式把这类材料命名为纳米材料。
In the past, people only paid attention to atoms, molecules or space, and often ignored this intermediate field. However, this field exists in a large number of nature, but it has not realized the performance of this scale range before. The first Japanese scientists who really realized its properties and introduced the concept of nano particles were Japanese scientists. They prepared ultramicro ions by evaporation in the 1970s, and through the study of its properties, they found that after a conducting and conducting copper or silver conductor was made into a nano scale, it lost its original properties, showing neither conducting electricity nor conducting heat. The same is true of magnetic materials, such as iron cobalt alloy. When it is made into about 20-30 nanometers in size, the magnetic domain becomes a single domain, and its magnetism is 1000 times higher than the original. In the mid-1980s, people formally named this kind of material as nano material.
为什么磁畴变成单磁畴，磁性要比原来提高 1000 倍呢？这是因为，磁畴中的单个原子排列的并不是很规则，而单原子中间是一个原子核，外则是电子绕其旋转的电子，这是形成磁性的原因。但是，变成单磁畴后，单个原子排列的很规则，对外显示了强大磁性。
Why does the magnetic domain become a single domain and the magnetism is 1000 times higher than before? This is because the arrangement of the single atoms in the magnetic domain is not very regular. In the middle of the single atom is an atomic nucleus, and the outer one is the electron rotating around it. This is the reason for the formation of magnetism. However, after becoming a single domain, the arrangement of single atoms is very regular, showing strong magnetism.
这一特性，主要用于制造微特电机。如果将技术发展到一定的时候，用于制造磁悬浮，可以制造出速度更快、更稳定、更节约能源的高速度列车。
This characteristic is mainly used to manufacture micro and special motors. If the technology is developed to a certain time, it can be used to manufacture maglev, and high-speed train with faster speed, more stable and more energy-saving can be produced.
2、纳米动力学：主要是微机械和微电机，或总称为微型电动机械系统（MEMS),用于有传动机械的微型传感器和执行器、光纤通讯系统，特种电子设备、医疗和诊断仪器等.用的是一种类似于集成电器设计和制造的新工艺。特点是部件很小，刻蚀的深度往往要求数十至数百微米，而宽度误差很小。这种工艺还可用于制作三相电动机，用于超快速离心机或陀螺仪等。在研究方面还要相应地检测准原子尺度的微变形和微摩擦等。虽然它们目前尚未真正进入纳米尺度，但有很大的潜在科学价值和经济价值。
2. Nanodynamics: mainly micromechanics and micromotors, or collectively referred to as micro electromechanical systems (MEMS), are used for micro sensors and actuators with transmission machinery, optical fiber communication systems, special electronic equipment, medical and diagnostic instruments, etc. it uses a new process similar to the design and manufacturing of integrated electronics. The feature is that the parts are very small, the etching depth often requires tens to hundreds of microns, and the width error is very small. This process can also be used to make three-phase motors, ultra fast centrifuges or gyroscopes. In the aspect of research, we also need to detect the micro deformation and micro friction at the quasi atomic scale. Although they have not yet entered the nano scale, they have great potential scientific and economic value.
理论上讲：可以使微电机和检测技术达到纳米数量级。
In theory, the micromotor and detection technology can reach the order of nanometer.
3、纳米生物学和纳米药物学：如在云母表面用纳米微粒度的胶体金固定 dna 的粒子，在二氧化硅表面的叉指形电极做生物分子间互作用的试验，磷脂和脂肪酸双层平面生物膜，dna 的精细结构等。有了纳米技术，还可用自组装方法在细胞内放入零件或组件使构成新的材料。新的药物，即使是微米粒子的细粉，也大约有半数不溶于水；但如粒子为纳米尺度（即超微粒子），则可溶于水。
3. Nanobiology and nanopharmacology: such as immobilization of DNA particles on mica surface with colloidal gold of nanometer particle size, experiment of biomolecular interaction on interdigital electrode on the surface of silica, bilayer planar biomembrane of phospholipid and fatty acid, fine structure of DNA, etc. With nanotechnology, new materials can be formed by putting parts or components into cells by self-assembly. About half of the new drugs, even the fine powder of micron particles, are insoluble in water; however, if the particles are of nanometer size (i.e. ultrafine particles), they are soluble in water.
纳米生物学发展到一定技术时，可以用纳米材料制成具有识别能力的纳米生物细胞，并可以吸收癌细胞的生物医药，注入人体内，可以用于定向杀癌细胞。（上面是老钱加注）
When nanobiology develops to a certain technology, nano biological cells with recognition ability can be made from nano materials, and the biomedicine of cancer cells can be absorbed and injected into human body, which can be used to kill cancer cells. (it’s an old money note)
4、纳米电子学：包括基于量子效应的纳米电子器件、纳米结构的光/电性质、纳米电子材料的表征，以及原子操纵和原子组装等。当前电子技术的趋势要求器件和系统更小、更快、更冷，更小，是指响应速度要快。更冷是指单个器件的功耗要小。但是更小并非没有限度。 纳米技术是建设者的最后疆界，它的影响将是巨大的。
4. Nanoelectronics: including nano electronic devices based on quantum effects, optical / electrical properties of nanostructures, characterization of nano electronic materials, atomic manipulation and atomic assembly, etc. The current trend of electronic technology requires devices and systems to be smaller, faster, colder and smaller, which means faster response. Cooler means that a single device consumes less power. But smaller is not without limits. Nanotechnology is the last frontier for builders, and its impact will be enormous.
历史沿革
Historical evolution
纳米技术的灵感，来自于已故物理学家理查德·费曼 1959 年所作的一次题为《在底部还有很大空间》的演讲。这位当时在加州理工大学任教的教授向同事们提出了一个新的想法。从石器时代开始，人类从磨尖箭头到光刻芯片的所有技术，都与一次性地削去或者融合数以亿计的原子以便把物质做成有用的形态有关。费曼质问道，为什么我们不可以从另外一个角度出发，从单个的分子甚至原子开始进行组装，以达到我们的要求？他说：“至少依我看来，物理学的规律不排除一个原子一个原子地制造物品的可能性。”
Nanotechnology was inspired by a lecture by the late physicist Richard Feynman entitled “there is still a lot of space at the bottom” in 1959. The professor, who was teaching at Caltech, offered a new idea to his colleagues. Since the stone age, everything from sharpening arrowheads to lithographic chips has to do with cutting or fusing hundreds of millions of atoms at once in order to make matter useful. Why don’t we start with a single atom, even if we start with a single atom? “In my opinion, at least, the laws of physics do not rule out the possibility that one atom makes things one atom at a time,” he said
70 年代，科学家开始从不同角度提出有关纳米科技的构想，1974 年，科学家谷口纪男（Norio Taniguchi）最早使用纳米技术一词描述精密机械加工；
In the 1970s, scientists began to put forward ideas about nanotechnology from different perspectives. In 1974, scientist Norio Taniguchi first used the term nanotechnology to describe precision machining;
1981 年，科学家发明研究纳米的重要工具——扫描隧道显微镜，为我们揭示一个可见的原子、分子世界，对纳米科技发展产生了积极促进作用；
In 1981, scientists invented the scanning tunneling microscope, an important tool for the study of nanomaterials, which revealed a visible atomic and molecular world for us, and played a positive role in promoting the development of nanotechnology;
1990 年，
In 1990,
理查德·费曼
Richard Feynman
1990 年 7 月，第一届国际纳米科学技术会议在美国巴尔的摩举办，标志着纳米科学技术的正式诞生；
In July 1990, the first International Conference on nanoscience and technology was held in Baltimore, USA, marking the formal birth of nanoscience and technology;
1991 年，碳纳米管被人类发现，它的质量是相同体积钢的六分之一，强度却是钢的 10 倍，成为纳米技术研究的热点，诺贝尔化学奖得主斯莫利教授认为，纳米碳管将是未来最佳纤维的首选材料，也将被广泛用于超微导线、超微开关以及纳米级电子线路等；
In 1991, carbon nanotubes were discovered by human beings. Its mass is one sixth of the same volume of steel, but its strength is 10 times that of steel. It has become a hot spot in nanotechnology research. Professor Smalley, Nobel Prize winner in chemistry, believes that carbon nanotubes will be the preferred material for the best fibers in the future, and will also be widely used in ultramicro wires, ultra micro switches and nano electronic circuits;
1993 年，继 1989 年美国斯坦福大学搬走原子团“写”下斯坦福大学英文、1990 年美国国际商用机器公司在镍表面用 35 个氙原子排出“IBM”之后，中国科学院北京真空物理实验室自如地操纵原子成功写出“ 中国”二字，标志着中国开始在国际纳米科技领域占有一席之地；
In 1993, after Stanford University removed the atomic group in 1989 and wrote down Stanford University English, IBM was expelled from nickel surface with 35 xenon atoms in 1990, Beijing Vacuum Physics Laboratory of Chinese Academy of Sciences successfully manipulated atoms to write successfully“ The word “China” marks that China has begun to occupy a place in the field of international nanotechnology;
1997 年，美国科学家首次成功地用单电子移动单电子，利用这种技术可望在 2017 年后研制成功速度和存贮容量比现在提高成千上万倍的量子计算机；
In 1997, U.S. scientists successfully used single electron to move single electron for the first time. Using this technology, it is expected to develop a quantum computer with speed and storage capacity thousands of times higher than that now;
1999 年，巴西和美国科学家在进行纳米碳管实验时发明了世界上最小的“秤”，它能够称量十亿分之一克的物体，即相当于一个病毒的重量；此后不久，德国科学家研制出能称量单个原子重量的秤，打破了美国和巴西科学家联合创造的纪录；
In 1999, Brazilian and American scientists invented the world’s smallest “scale” when conducting carbon nanotube experiments. It can weigh one billionth of a gram of an object, which is equivalent to the weight of a virus. Shortly after that, German scientists developed a scale that can weigh the weight of a single atom, breaking the record jointly set by American and Brazilian scientists;
到 1999 年，纳米技术逐步走向市场，全年基于纳米产品的营业额达到 500 亿美元；
By 1999, nanotechnology has gradually entered the market, and the annual turnover based on nano products has reached 50 billion US dollars;
2001 年，一些国家纷纷制定相关战略或者计划，投入巨资抢占纳米技术战略高地。日本设立纳米材料研究中心，把纳米技术列入新 5 年科技基本计划的研发重点；德国专门建立纳米技术研究网；美国将纳米计划视为下一次工业革命的核心，美国政府部门将纳米科技基础研究方面的投资从 1997 年的 1.16 亿美元增加到 2001 年的 4.97 亿美元。中国也将纳米科技列为中国的“973 计划”进行大力的发展与其相关产业的大力扶持。
In 2001, some countries have formulated relevant strategies or plans, and invested a lot of money to seize the strategic highland of nanotechnology. Japan has set up a nano materials research center, which has listed nanotechnology as the research and development focus of the new five-year basic science and technology plan; Germany has established a nanotechnology research network; the United States has regarded the nanotechnology program as the core of the next industrial revolution, and the U.S. government departments have increased the investment in basic research of nanotechnology from US $116 million in 1997 to US $497 million in 2001. China has also listed nanotechnology as China’s “973 Plan” to vigorously develop and support its related industries.
应用领域
application area
英特尔 cpu
Intel CPU
1、纳米是一种几何尺寸的度量单位，1 纳米=百万分之一毫米。
1. Nanometre is a measure of geometric size, 1nm = millionth of a millimeter.
2、纳米技术带动了技术革命。
2. Nanotechnology drives the technological revolution.
3、利用纳米技术制作的药物可以阻断毛细血管，“饿死”癌细胞。
3. Drugs made with nanotechnology can block capillaries and “starve” cancer cells.
4、如果在卫星上用纳米集成器件，卫星将更小，更容易发射。
4. If nano integrated devices are used on the satellite, the satellite will be smaller and easier to launch.
5、纳米技术是多科学综合，有些目标需要长时间的努力才会实现。
5. Nanotechnology is a multi science synthesis, some goals need a long time to achieve.
6、纳
6. Na
