汉英对照:
Chinese-English Translation:
太阳能光伏电池（光伏电池）用于把太阳的光能直接转化为电能。目前地面光伏系统大量使用的是以硅为基底的硅太阳能电池，可分为单晶硅、多晶硅、非晶硅太阳能电池。在能量转换效率和使用寿命等综合性能方面，单晶硅和多晶硅电池优于非晶硅电池。
Solar photovoltaic cells (PV cells) are used to convert the light energy of the sun into electrical energy directly. At present, silicon solar cells are widely used in terrestrial photovoltaic system, which can be divided into monocrystalline silicon, polycrystalline silicon and amorphous silicon solar cells. In terms of energy conversion efficiency and service life, monocrystalline silicon and polycrystalline silicon batteries are better than amorphous silicon batteries.
太阳能光伏电池（简称光伏电池）用于把太阳的光能直接转化为电能。目前地面光伏系统大量使用的是以硅为基底的硅太阳能电池，可分为单晶硅、多晶硅、非晶硅太阳能电池。在能量转换效率和使用寿命等综合性能方面，单晶硅和多晶硅电池优于非晶硅电池。多晶硅比单晶硅转换效率低，但价格更便宜。
Solar photovoltaic cells (PV cells) are used to convert the solar energy into electricity directly. At present, silicon solar cells are widely used in terrestrial photovoltaic system, which can be divided into monocrystalline silicon, polycrystalline silicon and amorphous silicon solar cells. In terms of energy conversion efficiency and service life, monocrystalline silicon and polycrystalline silicon batteries are better than amorphous silicon batteries. The conversion efficiency of polycrystalline silicon is lower than that of monocrystalline silicon, but the price is cheaper.
基本介绍
Basic introduction
按照应用需求，太阳能电池经过一定的组合，达到一定的额定输出功率和输出的电压的一组光伏电池，叫光伏组件。根据光伏电站大小和规模，由光伏组件可组成各种大小不同的阵列。
According to the application requirements, after a certain combination of solar cells, a group of photovoltaic cells with a certain rated output power and output voltage are called photovoltaic modules. According to the size and scale of photovoltaic power station, photovoltaic modules can be used to form arrays of various sizes.
光伏组件，采用高效率单晶硅或多晶硅光伏电池、高透光率钢化玻璃、Tedlar、抗腐蚀铝合多边框等材料，使用先进的真空层压工艺及脉冲焊接工艺制造。即使在最严酷的环境中也能保证长的使用寿命。
Photovoltaic modules are made of high-efficiency monocrystalline silicon or polycrystalline silicon photovoltaic cells, high light transmittance tempered glass, Tedlar, corrosion-resistant aluminum multi frame and other materials, which are manufactured by advanced vacuum lamination process and pulse welding process. Long service life is guaranteed even in the harshest environments.
组件的安装架设十分方便。组件的背面安装有一个防水接线盒，通过它可以十分方便地与外电路连接。对每一块太阳电池组件，都保证 20 年以上的使用寿命。
The installation and erection of components is very convenient. A waterproof junction box is installed on the back of the module, which can be easily connected with the external circuit. For each solar cell module, the service life of more than 20 years is guaranteed.
发展历史
History of development
术语“光生伏打”（Photovoltaics）来源于希腊语，意思是光、伏特和电气的，来源于意大利物理学家亚历山德罗·伏特的名字，在亚历山德罗·伏特以后“伏特”便作为电压的单位使用。
The term “photovoltaics” comes from Greek, meaning light, voltage and electricity. It comes from the name of Italian physicist alexandro volt. After alexandro volt, “volt” is used as a unit of voltage.
以太阳能发展的历史来说，光照射到材料上所引起的“光起电力”行为，早在 19 世纪的时候就已经发现了。
In the history of the development of solar energy, the “photoelectrification” behavior caused by light irradiation on materials has been discovered as early as the 19th century.
1849 年术语“光－伏”(photo-voltaic)才出现在英语中，意指由光产生电动势，即光产生伏特。
In 1849, the term “photo voltaic” appeared in English, meaning that light produces electromotive force, that is, light produces volt.
1839 年，光生伏特效应第一次由法国物理学家 A.E.Becquerel 发现。
In 1839, the photovoltaic effect was first discovered by French physicist A. E. Becquerel.
1883 年第一块太阳电池由 Charles Fritts 制备成功。Charles 用硒半导体上覆上一层极薄的金层形成半导体金属结，器件只有 1%的效率。
The first solar cell was successfully prepared by Charles Fritts in 1883. Charles used selenium semiconductor coated with a very thin gold layer to form a semiconductor metal junction. The efficiency of the device was only 1%.
在处于运行状态下的太阳能
Solar energy in operation
到了 1930 年代，照相机的曝光计广泛地使用光起电力行为原理。
By the 1930s, photoelectric behavior was widely used in camera exposure meters.
1946 年 Russell Ohl 申请了现代太阳电池的制造专利。
In 1946, Russell OHL applied for a patent for the manufacture of modern solar cells.
到了 1950 年代，随着半导体物理性质的逐渐了解，以及加工技术的进步，1954 年当美国的贝尔实验室在用半导体做实验发现在硅中掺入一定量的杂质后对光更加敏感这一现象后，第一个有实际应用价值的太阳能电池于 1954 年诞生在贝尔实验室。太阳电池技术的时代终于到来。
In the 1950s, with the gradual understanding of the physical properties of semiconductors and the progress of processing technology, in 1954, Bell Laboratories in the United States found that silicon was more sensitive to light when a certain amount of impurities were added into silicon. In 1954, the first practical solar cell was born in Bell laboratory. The era of solar cell technology has finally arrived.
1960 年代开始，美国发射的人造卫星就已经利用太阳能电池做为能量的来源。
Since the 1960s, satellites launched by the United States have used solar cells as a source of energy.
1970 年代能源危机时，让世界各国察觉到能源开发的重要性。1973 年发生了石油危机，人们开始把太阳能电池的应用转移到一般的民生用途上。
During the energy crisis in the 1970s, countries around the world were aware of the importance of energy development. In 1973, there was an oil crisis, and people began to transfer the application of solar cells to general people’s livelihood.
在美国、日本和以色列等国家，已经大量使用太阳能装置，以朝商业化的目标前进。
In the United States, Japan and Israel and other countries, a large number of solar energy devices have been used to move towards commercialization.
在这些国家中，美国于 1983 年在加州建立世界上最大的太阳能电厂，它的发电量可以高达 16 百万瓦特。南非、博茨瓦纳、纳米比亚和非洲南部的其他国家也设立专案，鼓励偏远的乡村地区安装低成本的太阳能电池发电系统。
Among these countries, the United States built the world’s largest solar power plant in California in 1983, which can generate up to 16 megawatts. Other countries in South Africa, Botswana, Namibia and southern Africa have also set up special projects to encourage remote rural areas to install low-cost solar cell power generation systems.
而推行太阳能发电最积极的国家首推日本。1994 年日本实施补助奖励办法，推广每户 3,000 瓦特的“市电并联型太阳光电能系统”。在第一年，政府补助 49%的经费，以后的补助再逐年递减。“市电并联型太阳光电能系统”是在日照充足的时候，由太阳能电池提供电能给自家的负载用，若有多余的电力则另行储存。当发电量不足或者不发电的时候，所需要的电力再由电力公司提供。
Japan is the most active country to promote solar power generation. In 1994, Japan implemented subsidies and incentives to promote a 3000 Watt “city power parallel solar photovoltaic energy system”. In the first year, the government subsidized 49% of the funds, and then the subsidies decreased year by year. “City power parallel type solar photovoltaic energy system” is when the sunshine is sufficient, solar cells provide power for their own load, if there is excess power, it will be stored separately. When the power generation is insufficient or not, the power needed is provided by the power company.
到了 1996 年，日本有 2,600 户装置太阳能发电系统，装设总容量已经有 8 百万瓦特。一年后，已经有 9,400 户装置，装设的总容量也达到了 32 百万瓦特。
By 1996, 2600 households in Japan had installed solar power systems with a total installed capacity of 8 megawatts. A year later, there are 9400 units with a total capacity of 32 megawatts.
在中国，太阳能发电产业亦得到政府的大力鼓励和资助。2009 年 3 月，财政部宣布拟对太阳能光电建筑等大型太阳能工程进行补贴。
In China, the solar power industry has also been strongly encouraged and funded by the government. In March 2009, the Ministry of Finance announced plans to subsidize large-scale solar energy projects such as solar photovoltaic buildings.
工作原理
working principle
太阳能电池是通过光电效应或者光化学效应直接把光能转化成电能的装置。以光电
Solar cells are devices that convert light energy into electrical energy directly through photoelectric or photochemical effects. With photoelectricity
光伏电池及系统工作原理
Working principle of photovoltaic cell and system
实现过程：
Implementation process:
房顶的太阳能板将阳光转换为 DC 电流。不间断电源(UPS)将该 DC 能源转换为 AC 220V/50Hz。
Solar panels on the roof convert sunlight into DC current. The uninterruptible power supply (UPS) is converted from 220 V DC to 50 Hz.
这个电能可以完全用于当地的设备，也可以部分使用，剩余的电能卖给公用事业机构，或全部卖出。
This energy can be used entirely or partly for local equipment, and the rest is sold to utilities, or all of it.
强烈建议应防止这一昂贵的设施遭受雷击。
It is strongly recommended that this expensive facility be protected from lightning strikes.
评测方法
Evaluation Measures
一、等效电路模型
1、 Equivalent circuit model
PV 电池的等效电路模型（如图 1 所示）能够帮助我们深入了解这种器件的工作原理。理想 PV 电池的模型可以表示为一个感光电流源并联一个二极管。光源中的光子被太阳能电池材料吸收。如果光子的能量高于电池材料的能带，那么电子就被激发到导带中。如果将一个外部负载连接到 PV 电池的输出端，那么就会产生电流。
The equivalent circuit model of PV cell (as shown in Figure 1) can help us to understand the working principle of this device. The model of an ideal PV cell can be expressed as a photosensitive current source in parallel with a diode. Photons in the light source are absorbed by solar cell materials. If the energy of the photon is higher than the energy band of the battery material, then the electrons are excited into the conduction band. If an external load is connected to the output of the PV cell, a current is generated.
图 1
Figure 1
由于电池衬底材料及其金属导线和接触点中存在材料缺陷和欧姆损耗，PV 电池模型必须分别用串联电阻（RS）和分流电阻（rsh）表示这些损耗。串联电阻是一个关键参数，因为它限制了 PV 电池的最大可用功率（PMAX）和短路电流（ISC）。
Due to material defects and ohmic losses in the substrate material, its metal wires and contact points, the PV cell model must be represented by series resistance (RS) and shunt resistance (RSH) respectively. Series resistance is a key parameter because it limits the maximum available power (Pmax) and short circuit current (ISC) of PV cells.
PV 电池的串联电阻（rs）与电池上的金属触点电阻、电池前表面的欧姆损耗、杂质浓度和结深有关。在理想情况下，串联电阻应该为零。分流电阻表示由于沿电池边缘的表面漏流或晶格缺陷造成的损耗。在理想情况下，分流电阻应该为无穷大。
The series resistance (RS) of PV cells is related to the metal contact resistance, ohmic loss on the front surface of PV cells, impurity concentration and junction depth. Ideally, the series resistance should be zero. The shunt resistance represents the loss due to surface leakage or lattice defects along the edge of the cell. Ideally, the shunt resistance should be infinite.
要提取光伏电池的重要测试参数，需要进行各种电气测量工作。这些测量通常包含直流电流和电压、电容以及脉冲 I-V。
In order to extract the important test parameters of photovoltaic cells, various electrical measurements are needed. These measurements usually include DC current and voltage, capacitance, and pulse I-V.
二、PV电池的直流电流–电压（I-V）测量
2、 DC current voltage (I-V) measurement for PV cells
可以利用直流 I-V 曲线图对 PV 电池进行评测，I-V 图通常表示太阳能电池产生的电流与电压的函数关系（如图 2 所示）。电池能够产生的最大功率（PMAX）出现在最大电流（IMAX）和电压（VMAX）点，曲线下方的面积表示不同电压下电池能够产生的最大输出功率。我们可以利用基本的测量工具（例如安培计和电压源），或者集成了电源和测量功能的仪器（例如数字源表[10]或者源测量单元 SMU），生成这种 I-V 曲线图。为了适应这类应用的需求，测试设备必须能够在 PV 电池测量可用的量程范围内提供电压源并吸收电流，同时，提供分析功能以准确测量电流和电压。简化的测量配置如图 3 所示。
PV cells can be evaluated using the DC I-V curve, which usually represents the functional relationship between the current generated by the solar cell and the voltage (as shown in Figure 2). The maximum power (Pmax) generated by the battery occurs at the maximum current (IMAX) and voltage (Vmax) points, and the area under the curve represents the maximum output power that the battery can produce under different voltages. We can use basic measurement tools (such as ammeter and voltage source) or instruments integrated with power supply and measurement functions (such as digital source meter [10] or source measurement unit SMU) to generate such I-V curves. In order to meet the requirements of this kind of application, the test equipment must be able to provide voltage source and absorb current within the available range of PV cell measurement, and provide analysis function to accurately measure current and voltage. The simplified measurement configuration is shown in Figure 3.
图 2
Figure 2
图 3. 对太阳能电池进行 I-V 曲线测量的典型系统，由一个电流源和一个伏特计组成。
Figure 3. A typical system for measuring the I-V curve of a solar cell consists of a current source and a voltmeter.
测量系统应该支持四线测量模式。采用四线测量技术能够解决引线电阻影响测量精度的问题。例如，可以用其中一对测试引
The measurement system should support four wire measurement mode. Four wire measurement technology can solve the problem that lead resistance affects the measurement accuracy. For example, you can use one of the test references
图 3
Figure 3
图 4 给出了利用 SMU 测出的一种被照射的硅太阳能电池的真实直流 I-V 曲线。由于 SMU 能够吸收电流，因此该曲线通过第四象限，并且支持器件析出功率。
Figure 4 shows the real DC I-V curve of a silicon solar cell irradiated by SMU. Since the SMU can absorb current, the curve passes through the fourth quadrant and supports the device power.
图 4
Figure 4
三、总体效率的测量参数
3、 Measurement parameters of overall efficiency
其它一些可以从 PV 电池直流 I-V 曲线中得出的数据表征了它的总体效率——将光能转换为电能的好快程度——可以用一些参数来定义，包括它的能量转换效率、最大功率性能和填充因数。最大功率点是最大电池电流和电压的乘积，这个位置的电池输出功率是最大的。
Other data that can be derived from the DC I-V curve of a PV cell characterizes its overall efficiency – how quickly light energy is converted into electrical energy – can be defined by a number of parameters, including its energy conversion efficiency, maximum power performance, and fill factor. The maximum power point is the product of the maximum battery current and voltage, and the output power of the battery at this position is the maximum.
填充因数（FF）是将 PV 电池的 I-V 特性与理想电池 I-V 特性进行比较的一种方式。理想情况下，它应该等于 1，但在实际的 PV 电池中，它一般是小于 1 的。它实际上等于太阳能电池产生的最大功率（PMAX=IMAXVMAX）除以理想 PV 电池产生的功率。填充因数定义如下：
Fill factor (FF) is a way to compare the I-V characteristics of PV cells with those of ideal cells. Ideally, it should be equal to 1, but in actual PV cells, it is usually less than 1. It is actually the maximum power generated by a solar cell (Pmax = imaxvmax) divided by the power generated by an ideal PV cell. The fill factor is defined as follows:
FF = IMAXVMAX/(ISCVOC)
FF = IMAXVMAX/(ISCVOC)
其中 IMAX=最大输出功率时的电流，VMAX =最大输出功率时的电压，ISC =短路电流，VOC=开路电压。
Where IMAX = current at maximum output power, Vmax = voltage at maximum output power, ISC = short circuit current, VOC = open circuit voltage.
转换效率（h）是光伏电池最大输出功率（PMAX）与输入功率（PIN）的比值，即：
Conversion efficiency (H) is the ratio of maximum output power (Pmax) to input power (PIN) of photovoltaic cells, namely:
h = PMAX/PIN
h = PMAX/PIN
PV 电池的 I-V 测量可以在正偏（光照下）或反偏（黑暗中）两种情况下进行。正偏测量是在 PV 电池照明受控的情况下进行的，光照能量表示电池的输入功率。用一段加载电压扫描电池，并测量电池产生的电流。一般情况下，加载到 PV 电池上的电压可以从 0V 到该电池的开路电压（VOC）进行扫描。在 0V 下，电流应该等于短路电流（ISC）。当电压为 VOC 时，电流应该为零。在如图 1 所示的模型中，ISC 近似等于负载电流（IL）。
The I-V measurement of PV cells can be carried out in either positive bias (light) or reverse bias (dark). The forward bias measurement is carried out under the condition that the illumination of PV cell is controlled, and the illumination energy represents the input power of the battery. Scan the battery with a load voltage and measure the current generated by the battery. In general, the voltage loaded on the PV cell can be scanned from 0V to the open circuit voltage (VOC) of the cell. At 0V, the current should be equal to the short circuit current (ISC). When the voltage is VOC, the current should be zero. In the model shown in Figure 1, ISC is approximately equal to the load current (IL).
PV 电池的串联电阻（rs）可以从至少两条在不同光强下测量的正偏 I-V 曲线中得出。光强的大小并不重要，因为它是电压变化与电流变化的比值，即曲线的斜率，就一切情况而论这才是有意义的。记住，曲线的斜率从开始到最后变化很大，我们所关心的数据出现在曲线的远正偏区域（far-forward region），这时曲线开始表现出线性特征。在这一点，电流变化的倒数与电压的函数关系就得出串联电阻的值：
The series resistance (RS) of PV cells can be obtained from at least two positive bias I-V curves measured at different light intensities. The magnitude of the light intensity is not important because it is the ratio of the voltage change to the current change, that is, the slope of the curve, which makes sense in all cases. Remember, the slope of the curve varies greatly from the beginning to the end. The data we are concerned about appears in the far forward region of the curve, and the curve begins to show linear characteristics. At this point, the function of the reciprocal of the current change and the voltage leads to the value of the series resistance
rs = ΔV/ΔI
rs = ΔV/ΔI
到目前为止本文所讨论的测量都是对暴露在发光输出功率下，即处于正偏条件下的 PV 电池进行的测量。但是 PV 器件的某些特征，例如分流电阻（rsh）和漏电流，恰恰是在 PV 电池避光即工作在反偏情况下得到的。对于这些 I-V 曲线，测量是在暗室中进行的，从起始电压为 0V 到 PV 电池开始击穿的点，测量输出电流并绘制其与加载电压的关系曲线。利用 PV 电池反偏 I-V 曲线的斜率也可以得到分流电阻的大小（如图 5 所示）。从该曲线的线性区，可以按下列公式计算出分流电阻：
So far, all the measurements discussed in this paper are for the PV cells exposed to the luminous output power, that is, in the positive bias condition. However, some characteristics of PV devices, such as shunt resistance (RSH) and leakage current, are obtained under the condition that the PV cell operates in reverse bias without light. For these I-V curves, the measurement is carried out in a dark room. From the starting voltage of 0V to the point where the PV cell starts to break down, the output current is measured and the relationship between the output current and the loading voltage is drawn. The value of shunt resistance can also be obtained by using the slope of the reverse bias I-V curve of the PV cell (as shown in Fig. 5). From the linear region of the curve, the shunt resistance can be calculated according to the following formula:
rsh = ΔV Reverse Bias/ΔI Reverse Bias
rsh = ΔV Reverse Bias/ΔI Reverse Bias
图 5
Figure 5
除了在没有任何光源的情况下进
Except in the absence of any light source
