汉英对照:
Chinese-English Translation:
超级用户是一种用于进行系统管理的特殊用户，相比其他普通用户来说，它拥有最高权限，能够进行全系统的配置、维护等工作，做很多普通用户没有权限做的事情；而普通用户的权限一般是超级用户的子集，只具备其部分权限。
Super user is a special user used for system management. Compared with other ordinary users, it has the highest authority, can carry out the whole system configuration, maintenance and other work, and do many things that ordinary users do not have permission to do; while the authority of ordinary user is generally a subset of super user, only has part of its authority.
超级用户是一种用于进行系统管理的特殊用户，相比其他普通用户来说，它拥有最高权限，能够进行全系统的配置、维护等工作，做很多普通用户没有权限做的事情；而普通用户的权限一般是超级用户的子集，只具备其部分权限。
Super user is a special user used for system management. Compared with other ordinary users, it has the highest authority, can carry out the whole system configuration, maintenance and other work, and do many things that ordinary users do not have permission to do; while the authority of ordinary user is generally a subset of super user, only has part of its authority.
超级用户的作用
The role of super users
在不同的计算机系统中，超级用户的名称也因系统不同而不同，常见的有 root 和 administrator。在计算机系统中，一般来说，超级用户对所有的目录和文件有完全的访问权，它是安装操作系统后第一个登录的用户。超级用户可以创建其他的普通用户，并且为普通用户分配权限。
In different computer systems, the names of super users vary from system to system. The common names are root and administrator. In the computer system, generally speaking, the super user has full access to all the directories and files. It is the first user to log in after installing the operating system. Superusers can create other ordinary users and assign permissions to ordinary users.
简单来说，计算机系统就像一个封建王国，超级用户就是该王国的国王，而普通用户就是王国中的大臣和普通民众，他们的权限一般都是直接或者间接通过国王这一超级用户来赋予的。在该王国中，国王拥有最高权限，对整个王国的所有资源、所有民众都有生杀予夺的权利。
In short, the computer system is like a feudal kingdom. The super user is the king of the Kingdom, while the ordinary user is the minister and ordinary people in the kingdom. Their authority is usually given directly or indirectly through the king, the super user. In the Kingdom, the king has the highest authority and has the right to live and kill all the resources and people of the whole kingdom.
超级用户的类型
Types of superusers
一般各个计算机系统的超级用户都有一个通用名称。在 Unix 与 Linux 中，超级用户名称是 root，它是对所有文件与程序拥有一切权限的用户。 root 用户可以进行许多普通用户无法做的操作，如更改文件所有者或绑定编号在 1024 之下的网络端口。在 Windows XP 及更早的 Windows 系统中有一个内建初始密码为空，名称为 Administrator 的管理账户，也就是其超级用户。对于 Windows XP 的管理员账户来说，提升权限执行程序并不需认证，这种做法存在安全隐患。在 Windows Vista 与其后继系统中默认禁止了内建的 Administrator 账户，并引入用户账户控制取而代之，管理员账户提升权限运行进程的时候会有确认提示，但不需要进行用户资格认证，而普通用户账户则需在提示框内输入任一管理员账户的用户名和密码才能通过认证
Generally, the super users of each computer system have a common name. In UNIX and Linux, the super user name is root, which is the user with all rights to all files and programs. The root user can do many operations that ordinary users can’t do, such as changing the file owner or binding the network port under 1024. In Windows XP and earlier Windows systems, there is a management account named administrator whose built-in initial password is blank, that is, its super user. For the administrator account of Windows XP, it is not necessary to authenticate to enhance the privilege execution program, which has security risks. In Windows Vista and its successor systems, the built-in administrator account is prohibited by default, and the user account control is introduced instead. When the administrator account is upgraded to run the process, there will be a confirmation prompt, but the user qualification authentication is not required. For the ordinary user account, the user name and password of any administrator account must be entered in the prompt box to pass the authentication
超级用户拥有很高权限的同时，如果使用不当也会存在很大的安全风险。为了使病毒、恶意软件与普通的用户错误不对整个系统产生不利的影响，在系统里日常任务都是由无法进行全系统变更的普通用户账户所完成。在组织机构中，超级用户权限一般都预留给经验丰富的授权人士使用。而且，将超级用户当作一般用户账户使用也不是一个好习惯，因为即使是输入命令时的微小错误都可能对系统造成严重破坏，因而较为明智的做法是创建一个普通用户账户用作日常使用，需要超级用户权限时再用命令切换到超级用户。
While super users have high authority, there will be great security risks if they are used improperly. In order to make the virus, malware and common user errors not have adverse impact on the whole system, the daily tasks in the system are completed by ordinary user accounts that can’t change the whole system. In organizations, super user rights are generally reserved for the use of experienced authorized persons. Moreover, it is not a good habit to use the super user as a general user account, because even a small error in entering a command may cause serious damage to the system. Therefore, it is more wise to create an ordinary user account for daily use, and switch to the super user with the command when the super user authority is required.
超级用户拥有对网络的特殊权利，但也是有限度的。要想加入超级用户不仅需要办理复杂的网络手续，还要有高超的网络技术，最好有专业证书，还要通过专业考试和试用期。还要有网络经验和道德。
Super users have special rights to the network, but they are also limited. If you want to join super user, you should not only handle complicated network procedures, but also have superb network technology. It is better to have professional certificate and pass professional examination and probation period. There is also Internet experience and morality.
