汉英对照:
Chinese-English Translation:
燃料电池是指原电池中的一种类型。原电池式氧分析仪中的电化学反应可以自发地进行，不需要外部供电，其综合反应是气样中的氧和阳极发生氧化反应，反应的结果生成阳极氧化物，这种反应类似于氧的燃料反应，所以这类原电池也称为燃料电池。
Fuel cell is a type of primary cell. The electrochemical reaction in the galvanic oxygen analyzer can be carried out spontaneously without external power supply. The comprehensive reaction is that the oxygen in the gas sample reacts with the anode, and the reaction results in the formation of anode oxide. This reaction is similar to the fuel reaction of oxygen, so this kind of raw cell is also called fuel cell.
燃料电池是指原电池中的一种类型。原电池式氧分析仪中的电化学反应可以自发地进行，不需要外部供电，其综合反应是气样中的氧和阳极发生氧化反应，反应的结果生成阳极氧化物，这种反应类似于氧的燃料反应，所以这类原电池也称为燃料电池。
Fuel cell is a type of primary cell. The electrochemical reaction in the galvanic oxygen analyzer can be carried out spontaneously without external power supply. The comprehensive reaction is that the oxygen in the gas sample reacts with the anode, and the reaction results in the formation of anode oxide. This reaction is similar to the fuel reaction of oxygen, so this kind of raw cell is also called fuel cell.
燃料电池的特点
Characteristics of fuel cell
(1)效率高
(1) High efficiency
燃料电池是利用电化学原理，通过等温的电化学反应直接将化学能转化为电能。理论上它的化学能到电能的转化效率可达 75％～100％。但在目前的技术水平上，实际的发电效率均在 40％～60％的范围内，已经相当于或高于火力发电效率(30％～40％)。若实现热电联供，燃料的总能量转化效率可达 80％以上。随着燃料电池技术的进步，其电效率有希望进一步提高。
Fuel cell is based on the principle of electrochemistry, which converts chemical energy into electric energy through isothermal electrochemical reaction. Theoretically, the conversion efficiency of chemical energy to electrical energy can reach 75% – 100%. However, at present, the actual power generation efficiency is in the range of 40% – 60%, which is equivalent to or higher than that of thermal power generation (30% – 40%). If cogeneration is realized, the total energy conversion efficiency of fuel can reach more than 80%. With the development of fuel cell technology, its electrical efficiency is expected to be further improved.
(2)污染低
(2) Low pollution
当燃料电池以纯氢气体为燃料时，电池反应的唯一产物为水，因此，可以实现零污染排放。但是自然界中不存在氢气，目前主要是利用化石燃料(fossilfuel)来制取，比如将天然气经过水气转换反应即可获得作为燃料电池燃料的富氢气体。在这种制氢过程中所排放的二氧化碳的量，要比将化石燃料直接燃烧发电所排放的二氧化碳的量减少 40％以上，从而可有效减缓地球的温室效应。另外，由于燃料电池的燃料气在反应前必须脱除硫及其化合物，而且燃料电池是按电化学原理发电(燃料与空气无直接接触)，不经过热机的燃烧过程(空气与燃料直接混合)，所以它几乎不排放硫的氧化物(SO，)、氮氧化物(NO，)以及粉尘等，从而减少了大气污染物排放，有利于降低酸雨对环境的破坏。随着技术的进步，未来可以利用太阳能、风能、水能、地热能、海洋能等这些绿色可再生能源以及核能来提取水中的氢气，再以其为燃料，利用燃料电池发电，将会从根本上实现无污染发电。
When the fuel cell uses pure hydrogen as fuel, the only product of cell reaction is water, so zero pollution emission can be achieved. However, there is no hydrogen in nature. At present, it is mainly made from fossil fuel. For example, hydrogen rich gas can be obtained by water gas conversion reaction of natural gas. The amount of carbon dioxide emitted in this process of hydrogen production will be reduced by more than 40% compared with that from the direct combustion of fossil fuels for power generation, thus effectively reducing the greenhouse effect of the earth. In addition, because the fuel gas of fuel cell must remove sulfur and its compounds before the reaction, and the fuel cell generates electricity according to the electrochemical principle (the fuel has no direct contact with the air), and does not go through the combustion process of the heat engine (air and fuel are directly mixed), so it almost does not discharge sulfur oxides (so,), nitrogen oxides (no,) and dust, so as to reduce the emission of air pollutants Acid rain is conducive to reduce the damage to the environment. With the progress of technology, in the future, we can use solar energy, wind energy, water energy, geothermal energy, ocean energy and other green renewable energy and nuclear energy to extract hydrogen from water, and then use it as fuel to generate electricity by fuel cell, which will fundamentally realize pollution-free power generation.
(3)噪声低
(3) Low noise
火力发电、水力发电、核能发电这些目前使用的发电技术均需使用大型涡轮机，其在工作过程中高速运转，产生很大噪声。作为车船动力的内燃机也产生相当的噪声，必须进行隔音降噪，从而增加了成本。燃料电池按电化学原理工作，电池本身没有运动部件，附属系统也只有很少的运动部件，且都是低噪声的，因此，它可以安静地将燃料化学能转化为电能。实验表明，距离 40kW 磷酸燃料电池电站 4．6m 的噪声水平是 60dB。而 4．5MW 和 11MW 的大功率磷酸燃料电池电站的噪声已经达到不高于 55dB 的水平。我国对居住、商业、工业混杂区的噪声标准是昼问≤60dB，夜间≤50dB。显然，燃料电池电站的安静程度已达到可以建在居民生活和办公区域附近的要求。将燃料电池电站设置在需要电的工厂或住宅附近，可以有效地降低通过高压线路长距离地把从遥远的大型发电站发出的电能输送到用户所造成的电能损失。
Thermal power generation, hydropower generation, nuclear power generation, these power generation technologies currently used all need to use large turbines, which run at high speed in the process of work, producing a lot of noise. The internal combustion engine, as the power of vehicles and ships, also produces considerable noise, so it is necessary to carry out sound insulation and noise reduction, thus increasing the cost. Fuel cell works according to the principle of electrochemistry. There are no moving parts in the cell itself, and there are only a few moving parts in the auxiliary system, and they are all low noise. Therefore, it can quietly convert the chemical energy of fuel into electrical energy. The experimental results show that the noise level of 4.6 m away from 40 kW phosphoric acid fuel cell power station is 60 dB. The noise level of 4.5mw and 11mw high-power phosphoric acid fuel cell power stations has reached the level of no more than 55dB. The noise standard of residential, commercial and industrial mixed areas in China is ≤ 60dB in daytime and ≤ 50dB in night. Obviously, the quiet level of fuel cell power station has reached the requirement that it can be built near the living and office areas of residents. Setting fuel cell power stations near factories or houses that need electricity can effectively reduce the power loss caused by long-distance transmission of electric energy from remote large-scale power stations to users through high-voltage lines.
(4)使用范围广,机动灵活
(4) Wide range of use, flexible
燃料电池的基本单元是单电池，即两个电极夹一层电解质。基本单元组装起来就构成一个电池组，再将电池组集合起来就构成燃料电池发电装置。发电容量取决于单电池的功率与数目。燃料电池采用模块式结构进行设计和生产．可以根据不同的需要灵活地组装成不同规模的燃料电池发电站。所以燃料电池发电站的建设成本低、周期短。另外，由于燃料电池质量轻、体积小、比功率高，移动起来比较容易，布置方式也灵活多样，所以特别适合在海岛上或边远地区建造分散性电站。近年来世界上发生的几次大的停电事故启示人们：“大机组、大电网、高电压”模式的现代电力系统非常脆弱，在战争状态下更是不堪一击。燃料电池的机动灵活性，可以有效解决供电安全问题。
The basic unit of fuel cell is a single cell, that is, two electrodes sandwiched with a layer of electrolyte. The basic units are assembled to form a battery pack, and then assembled to form a fuel cell power generation device. The power generation capacity depends on the power and number of single cells. Fuel cell is designed and produced by modular structure. It can be assembled into different scale fuel cell power station according to different needs. Therefore, the construction cost of fuel cell power station is low and the cycle is short. In addition, due to the light weight, small volume, high specific power, easy to move and flexible layout, fuel cells are particularly suitable for the construction of decentralized power stations on islands or remote areas. In recent years, several major blackouts in the world enlighten people that the modern power system with “large unit, large power grid and high voltage” mode is very fragile, and even more vulnerable in the state of war. The flexibility of fuel cell can effectively solve the problem of power supply security.
燃料电池的缺点
Disadvantages of fuel cell
(1)价格昂贵。燃料电池的价格是其他发电机组(内燃机、燃气轮机)的 2—10 倍。目前最先进的燃料电池系统的价格相当于太阳能发电系统的价格。
(1) It’s expensive. The price of fuel cell is 2-10 times higher than that of other generating units (internal combustion engine, gas turbine). At present, the price of the most advanced fuel cell system is equivalent to that of solar power system.
(2)对燃料的要求很高。有些燃料电池只能用氢气，有些燃料电池虽然能够用天然气，但必须脱硫，往往需要非常高效的过滤器，并且要经常更换。
(2) The demand for fuel is very high. Some fuel cells can only use hydrogen, while some fuel cells can use natural gas, but they must be desulfurized. They often need very efficient filters and need to be replaced frequently.
(3)维护比较专业。燃料电池的维护与其他的发电机组有很大不同，目前这方面的专业维护人员非常缺乏。燃料电池发生故障之后，往往只能运回生产厂家进行维修，还无法做到现场更换电池堆。
(3) The maintenance is quite professional. The maintenance of fuel cell is very different from other generator sets. At present, there is a lack of professional maintenance personnel in this field. After the failure of fuel cells, they can only be transported back to the manufacturer for maintenance, and the battery stack can not be replaced on site.
(4)燃料电池目前还处于研发阶段，还不能做到规模生产。市场上已有的一些产品进入商业化的时间还很短。
(4) At present, fuel cell is still in the research and development stage, and can not achieve scale production. Some products have entered the market for a short time.
燃料电池使用注意事项
Notes on the use of fuel cell
①燃料电池的寿命与所测氧的浓度有关，浓度越大，阳极消耗越多，电池寿命越短。一旦电池达到寿命，读数锐减为零，此时应更换燃料电池。
① The life of fuel cell is related to the concentration of oxygen. The higher the concentration, the more anode consumption, the shorter the battery life. Once the battery reaches its service life and the reading drops sharply to zero, the fuel cell should be replaced.
②仪器正常维护量较小，通常 3 个月量程气单标一次即可。接近电池寿命耗尽的时候，可通过读数变化或标定时，电位补偿的圈数来判断，新电池一般为 4 圈左右，快耗尽的电池，一般在 7 圈以上，一旦达到 7 圈，就应考虑更换电池，否则，气候的测量数值就会明显不准且反应速度慢。
② The amount of normal maintenance of the instrument is small, and it is usually enough to use a single standard for measuring range gas in three months. When the battery life is nearly exhausted, it can be judged by the number of cycles of reading change or calibration and potential compensation. The number of new batteries is generally about 4 cycles, and that of rapidly depleted batteries is generally more than 7 cycles. Once the battery reaches 7 cycles, it should be considered to replace the battery. Otherwise, the measurement value of climate will be obviously inaccurate and the response speed will be slow.
③电池的正常寿命一般为半年左右，从出厂日算起，常备的备用电池要考虑时效性，不要一味储存燃料电池。
③ The normal life of the battery is generally about half a year. From the date of delivery, the timeliness of the standby battery should be considered, and the fuel cell should not be stored blindly.
④燃料电池的储存，最好将燃料电池密封袋置于充氮保护中，需要更换时再打开密封袋。
④ For the storage of fuel cell, it is better to put the sealed bag of fuel cell in nitrogen filled protection, and then open the sealed bag when it needs to be replaced.
注意：备用的燃料电池的短路环应插入短路短重，一旦取下短路环，需将电池迅速装入分析仪测量腔中。
Note: the short-circuit ring of the standby fuel cell should be inserted into the short-circuit short-circuit weight. Once the short-circuit ring is removed, the battery should be quickly installed into the measuring chamber of the analyzer.
